Episode 2 explores the pivotal shift from vacuum tubes to transistors, marking the true beginning of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes, once essential for amplifying signals in early radios and computers, were bulky, fragile, and power-hungry—limiting the potential of electronic systems.

The breakthrough came in 1947 at Bell Labs, where scientists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the transistor—a compact, solid-state device capable of amplifying and switching electrical signals with far greater efficiency and reliability.

This episode explains how the transistor overcame the limitations of vacuum tubes, enabled miniaturization, and laid the foundation for the semiconductor industry. It also touches on the initial use of germanium, the eventual transition to silicon, and the transistor’s impact on computing, communication, and consumer electronics.

By the end, listeners understand how one small invention sparked a global technological revolution.

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